Mobile technologies have radically reshaped the modern way of life and catalysed economic growth all over the world. The first generation (1G) of cellular mobile communication debuted in the 1980s. The second-generation (2G) added narrowband data services in the mid-1990s, making it possible to carry limited amounts of data. With the development of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standard, 3G expanded to wideband communications and inaugurated global roaming and videoconferencing. Along the way, handsets evolved into smartphones, and 4G became a priority, offering better data handling for media, applications, and communications. In recent years, trials and commercial deployments of fifth generation (5G) cellular mobile technology are taking shape around the world with even greater potential. While this deployment is being led by high-income countries, many developing countries are also implementing 5G trials, and there is widespread interest among governments in unde